Rui C. Antunes
Introduction
My research examines the extended multiphonic technique on the violin and viola, instruments that are traditionally considered monophonic. Based on an extensive literature review and empirical research, the physical and acoustic parameters that enable the production of multiple simultaneous sounds on these string instruments are investigated. Detailed experiments have led to the creation of a catalogue of specific fingerings, bow contact points, speeds, and pressure levels required for successful multiphonic performance in several dynamic levels. This research emphasises the crucial role of precise technique and provides practical information for composers, performers, and teachers to bridge the gap between theoretical understanding and practical application. The results show considerable differences in the dynamic range and stability of different multiphonic combinations, highlighting the need for personalised pedagogical approaches and further collaborative research.
It is emphasised that the present research is a work in progress and that there may be significant differences in sound response between instruments.
Methodology​
The methodology of this research is twofold, combining a literature review with an autoethnographic approach that considers personal experience as the main source of knowledge. In the context of this research, this kind of approach allows for the inclusion of practical knowledge, offering an empirical lens through which one can better understand the acoustic phenomena of multiphonics in high strings. Approximately two decades of technical experience with the violin has provided me with the expertise necessary for a distinctive perspective on the production of multiphonics. This thesis documents my explorative practices, with a focus on the elaboration of a multiphonic catalogue through systematic experimentation that combines fingerings on the lower half of the strings with the parameters of bow contact points with the string, bow speed, and bow pressure, as well as trying to provide as objectively as possible the sounding pitch content, possible dynamic range, and its stability level to elucidate the mechanisms and musical possibilities of multiphonics.
Adaptation, Experimentation, and Performance Considerations
In my catalogue, I propose multiphonic fingerings for violin and viola transposed and/or adjusted from the ones proposed for the cello in Ellen Fallowfield’s cellomap.com, as well as newly added ones through my own experimentation.
For every multiphonic, 2 possible fingerings exist (one in the upper end of the string and another in the lower end of the string). However, my focus in this catalogue is exclusively on the fingerings located in the lower end of the string - due of their similarity to artificial harmonics, I expect these fingerings to prove the most useful for composers and interpreters, as they are the only fingerings transposable to be used as artificial multiphonics.
In my catalogue I propose specific contact points of the bow on the string (usually several different ones) for each multiphonic, as well as a specific range (minimum-maximum) of bow pressure and bow speed for each of these pairs of multiphonic fingering and contact point. Through experimentation (although with a limited number of instruments), one observes that these parameters can be, for the most part, universally applied to any instrument for the successful production of multiphonics.
There are, however, fringe cases related to the instruments themselves and it should be clear that this catalogue is incomplete and a work in progress. There are differences in the production of multiphonics from instrument to instrument that are alien to the player: in some rare cases, some of the multiphonic+contact point pairs might not work at all in some instruments while working effortlessly in others. There is not enough empirical data in the present to make an accurate assessment of the connection of multiphonic responsiveness according to specific variations in instruments such as age and general quality of the instrument, as well as strings & rosin used, and other further instrument setup details.
Further string multiphonic specific reading recommendations
Fallowfield, E. (2017). Multiphonics: Multiphonic fingering charts | Cellomap. Cello Map. Retrieved April 3, 2024, from https://cellomap.com/multiphonics-multiphonic-fingering-charts/​
​
Fallowfield, E. (2020, December 17). Multiphonics for Stringed Instruments: Performance Practice and Research Practice by Ellen Fallowfield. Research Catalogue. Retrieved April 1, 2024, from https://www.researchcatalogue.net/view/1057169/1057170#bibliography
​
Guettler, K., & Thelin, H. (2012). Bowed-string multiphonics analyzed by use of impulse response and the Poisson summation formula. Acoustical Society of America. https://knutsacoustics.com/files/guettler-thelin-jasa-multiphonics.pdf
Thelin, H. (n.d.). Introduction to multiphonics on the double bass. A new world of sounds – recent advancements in contemporary double bass techniques. Retrieved April 9, 2024, from https://haakonthelin.com/multiphonics/multiphonics-on-the-double-bass
Walter, C. J. (2019, December 19). MULTIPHONICS ON VIBRATING STRINGS. Tempo, 74(291), 7-23. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/tempo/article/abs/multiphonics-on-vibrating-strings/FEA178EB6160D2D89A0FD813FA00F7C3
​
Wolfe, J. (n.d.). Strings, standing waves and harmonics. UNSW. Retrieved April 13, 2024, from https://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/jw/strings.html​​